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TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol)


TCP/IP

(Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol)


OSI Seven Layer Model



This will present TCP/IP communications starting from Layer 2 up to Layer 4 (TCP/IP applications cover Layers 5-7)

  • IP Addresses
  • Data Link Layer
    • Network Frames
    • Address Resolution Protocol
  • Network Layer
    • Internet Protocol
    • IP Routing
    • ICMP Error Reporting
  • Transport Layer
    • User Datagram Protocol
    • Transmission Control Protocol
  • Session through Application Layers
    • Domain Name System
  • Final example tracing DNS transaction through a router

Definitions:-

  • Physical network - a collection of computers, communications devices, wiring, etc. that communicate directly with one another (e.g., Ethernet, Token Ring)
  • Host - A computer, connected to a physical network, that exchanges information with another computer via TCP/IP
  • Gateway - A computer that interconnects two or more physical networks and that routes TCP/IP information among those networks (accurately referred to as a router)
IP Addresses
  • Are unique, 32-bit addresses
  • correspond to connections, not hosts (generally, move connection ==> change IP address)
  • are referenced by humans via dotted decimal (or dotted quad) notation, one number per 8 bits (1 octet or byte), e.g., 128.192.6.7
  • consist of three primary classes A, B, and C (class D is for multicast) of the form [Net ID, Host ID]

Class formats:-




Subnet Mask (netmask):-
  • 32-bit value
  • Generally used to subdivide (subnet) a given IP class network into smaller (sub)networks
  • Netmask determines which portion of an IP address is the network address and which is the host address
    • An IP address bit is a network address bit if the corresponding net mask bit is 1
    • An IP address bit is a host address bit if the corresponding netmask bit is 0
  • "Natural netmask" has all netid bit locations = 1 and all hostid bit locations = 0 (e.g., 255.0.0.0, 255.255.0.0, and 255.255.255.0 for class A, B, and C networks, respectively)

Net ID and host ID conventions:

  • Network addresses have hostid with all bits = 0 (e.g., 128.192.0.0 with netmask=255.255.0.0 and 128.192.6.0 with netmask=255.255.255.0)
  • Directed broadcast addresses have host ID with all bits = 1 (e.g., 128.192.255.255 with netmask=255.255.0.0 and 128.192.54.255 with netmask=255.255.255.0)
  • "Limited" broadcast has all bits = 1 (e.g. 255.255.255.255)
  • Loopback address 127.xxx.yyy.zzz used for internal testing, no traffic generated (typically 127.0.0.1)
IP network ranges by class:
  • Class A ==> 1.0.0.0 - 126.0.0.0
  • Class B ==> 128.xxx.0.0 - 191.xxx.0.0
  • Class C ==> 192.xxx.yyy.0 - 223.xxx.yyy.0
  • Class D ==> 224.xxx.yyy.zzz - 239.xxx.yyy.zzz (multicast IP)

Hosts with multiple IP addresses per interface and/or on multiple interfaces are called multi-homed hosts.



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Location: Mumbai, Maharashtra, India

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